But if there aren’t, then ‘they’ are not caused by anything and do not cause anything. That certainly appears to be false, however. John’s absence from our party might have been caused by his having fallen ill, and might cause a commotion. Dick’s not eating his soup might have been caused by his having fallen ill, and might cause a commotion.

Temporal concepts are fundamental constructs of human cognition, but the trajectory of how these concepts emerge and develop is not clear. Evidence of children’s temporal concept development comes from cognitive developmental and psycholinguistic studies. This paper reviews the linguistic factors (i.e., temporal language production and comprehension) and cognitive processes (i.e., temporal judgment and temporal reasoning) involved in children’s temporal conceptualization. The relationship between children’s ability to express time in language and the ability to reason about time, and the challenges and (...) difficulties raised by the interaction between cognitive and linguistic components are discussed. Finally, we propose ways to reconcile controversies from different research perspectives and present several avenues for future research to better understand the development of temporal concepts. (shrink)

Leveling the Playing Field examines the admissions policies of contemporary American colleges and universities in light of the assumption that enhancing the educational opportunities of lower-income and minority students would make American society more just. The book evaluates controversies about such issues as the nature of merit, the missions of universities, affirmative action, the role of standardized tests, legacy preference, early decision, financial aid, the test-prep industry, and athletics.

In this article, we examine the relationship between the World Health Organization International Health Regulations (IHR) and human rights and its implications for IHR reform, considering the evolution of human rights in the 2005 IHR, the role of human rights in IHR reforms and the implications of these reforms in key domains including equity and solidarity, medical countermeasures, core capacities, travel restrictions, vaccine certificates, social measures, accountability, and financing.

Although many simulations draw upon only one level of abstraction, the process for generating rich simulations requires a dynamic interplay between abstract and concrete knowledge. A complete model of simulation must account for a mind and brain that can bridge the perceptual with the conceptual, the episodic with the semantic, and the concrete with the abstract.

Die Quaestio fragt, was die drei abrahamitischen Religionen in systematischer Hinsicht zum Phänomen der Veränderung zu sagen haben und wie sie die Wandlungsprozesse gestalten, in denen ihre Sozialgestalten gegenwärtig in Westeuropa stehen. Lässt sich Religion auch anders denken, als sie sich heute ihrem theologischen Selbstverständnis und ihrer sozialen Gestalt nach präsentiert?

Dieses Buch ist einer Phänomenologie der Spannung von Gesetz und Gewalt gewidmet, wie sie fast seit Beginn des Kinozeitalters in zahllosen Spielfilmen vorgeführt wird. In einer Interpretation exemplarischer Filme verschiedener Genres und Epochen untersuchen die vorliegenden Beiträge, wie Filme die Verzahnung von Recht, Gesetz und Gewalt im Kino dramatisieren – und welches Licht diese Inszenierungen auf idealisierende Prämissen und Prin- zipien in traditionellen und aktuellen Theorien des Rechts und der Politik werfen. Diese ästhetische Reflexionsleistung des Kinos wird aus unterschied- lichen (...) disziplinären Perspektiven fruchtbar gemacht für einen nicht-illusio- nären Blick auf normative Ordnungen und ihren dialektischen Zusammen- hang mit der Gewalt, die sie oft vergeblich zu bändigen versuchen. In dieser Einleitung stellen wir leitende Aspekte vor, die für eine Analyse der Intimität von Gesetz und Gewalt im Kino maßgeblich sind. (shrink)

Parfois déconsidérée, au cours du XXe siècle, parce que pensée comme la simple écume de processus historiques et sociaux plus profonds, la notion d'événement semble avoir, depuis, bénéficié d'un évident retour en grâce au sein des sciences humaines et sociales - en histoire et en philosophie au premier chef, mais aussi en sociologie, en anthropologie, en linguistique ou en psychanalyse. La référence à l'événement, très utilisée aujourd'hui, donne cependant lieu à des investissements multiples, suppose différentes manières d'articuler le temps et (...) l'histoire, met en jeu des conceptions non équivalentes de la subjectivité, et sous-tend des compréhensions de la rationalité très diverses. Mobilisant tour à tour les analyses de Fernand Braudel et de Reinhart Koselleck, de Jacques Rancière et de Michel Foucault, d'Henri Bergson et de Gilles Deleuze, de Walter Benjamin et d'Hannah Arendt, de Sigmund Freud et de Claude Lévi-Strauss, les essais qui composent ce volume explorent la cartographie complexe et variée des questionnements que la notion contribue à faire émerger et à nourrir."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

The protagonist of Edith Wharton’s 1904 short story “The Descent of Man” is both scien­tist and satirist. The target of his satire-“false interpreters” of evolutionary theory-allows Wharton to combine analysis of genre with inquiry into the cultural controversy Darwin’s ideas inspired. Anthropocentric anxieties explain popular preference for soothing “pseudo-science” over unsparing accounts of natural selection; they likewise explain widespread obtuseness to Professor Linyard’s ridicule of hazy illogic posing as science. Motivated more strongly by fitness interests than by allegiance to scientific (...) truth, however, the professor becomes complicit in widespread misreading of his own text. He thereby encourages the ignorance he intended to dispel, and Wharton highlights the ironies inherent in this self-sabotage. She insists that susceptibility to evolved adaptations is universal, moreover, and that it often impedes the discovery and promulgation of truth. (shrink)

Research in the field of evolutionary psychology underlines the importance of masculine display in the mate-selection process. Men seek opportunities to exhibit qualities women find desirable; hence they invite inspection of their resources and status, their physical and mental prowess. They also advertise specialized skills and abilities, including artistic performance and creativity. Men seeking to impress potential mates hope to benefit not only from displaying survival-oriented skills as toolmakers or hunters but also from publishing adeptness in less utilitarian realms such (...) as storytelling, drumming, or carving.1 Exhibition of aesthetic achievement is relevant, therefore, to current inquiries into the... (shrink)

Cette étude consacrée à la dimension heuristique des métaphores cherche à comprendre le rôle qu’elles jouent dans l’activité générale de la pensée. Le rôle des métaphores est particulièrement visible à l’état naissant de la pensée connaissante, au point où son exploration trouve dans l’étoffe du langage les moyens de conceptualiser le nouveau. L’exemple de Savigny, de Bacon et de Kant montre comment l’intuition métaphorique et la reprise culturelle des schèmes métaphoriques ont une fonction intellectuelle féconde.